How to Be an Antiracist, by Ibram X. Kendi (One World, 320 pp., $27.00). Assimilationists fail to acknowledge that race is a mirage but one that humanity has organized itself around in very real ways (p. 54). Lack of opportunity results in more violence; not because theyre Black but because they dont have opportunities. degrees in African American Studies and magazine production from Florida A&M University. ~ Albert Einstein, Makes you wonder why wars are started. One world, 2019. July 16, 2021. Many people did. By denying this, they believe in the post-racial myth that talking about race constitutes racism. Author and prominent critical race theory advocate Ibram X. Kendi said Monday his new children's books are about helping kids and adults "see racism." On "CBS Mornings," Kendi pushed the idea of . He is Professor of History and International Relations and the Founding Director of the Antiracist Research and Policy Center at American University. "[33], On May 27, 2020, Kendi appeared before the United States House Committee on Ways and Means about the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on African Americans, saying: "This is the racial pandemic within the viral pandemic". He concludes that all movements against all kinds of inequity must be linked. The famed anti-racist author and not at all a grifter Ibram X Kendi is back in the spotlight again. Although the audience loved it, Kendi now understands how misguided he was: he blamed people for racial inequities that were really caused by policy. IXK: Thats the goal. Finally, Black people reinforce anti-Black racism through the powerless defensethe idea that Black people cant be racist because they have no power. Wow, I remember setting in my car with Less who owned Best Sound listening to Oscar. June 14, 2022 7 AM PT. Its also important to engage the child about these topics, because theyre going to have questions and Id rather you answer those questions than a white supremacist lurking online. I think its important first for parents to realize that their non-verbal language says a lot to children. He touches on racial capitalism, which refers to the historical intertwining of racist and capitalist polices. KENDI: Oftentimes weve been able to develop movements to dismantle racist policies and institute antiracist policies, and then we just believe that our job is done without understanding that those who were benefiting from those racist policies are going to figure new and ever more sophisticated ways to exclude people or benefit from them. For Reprints and Permissions, click here. slotId: "thenation_article_indent", Ibram Xolani Kendi (born Ibram Henry Rogers, August 13, 1982) is an American author, professor, anti-racist activist, and historian of race and discriminatory policy in America. tn_pos: 'rectangle_1', Here, The Elect burn to insist that, well, systemic racism exists anyway! Ordinary White people are different from racist policymakers and should be treated differently. } And so, when we're expressing that the. This is what an antiracist America would look like. Racism is already systemic, structural, and institutional. ANTIRACIST BABY. [15][34][35], Kendi has been a long-time outspoken critic of police killings of black men and women. Every Tuesday and Friday, Ezra Klein invites you into a conversation about something that matters, like today's episode with Ibram X. Kendi. I'll send you notes on entrepreneurship and summaries of the best books I'm reading. When it comes to race, Kendi argues that most Americans face what he calls dueling consciousness: Black Americans get stuck between assimilationism and antiracism, while white Americans often struggle to choose between segregationism and assimilationism. Want to learn the ideas in How to Be an Antiracist better than ever? He is the host of the new action podcast, Be Antiracist. You can read our Privacy Policy here. Now ask yourself whether Kendi answered the question or whether he completely evaded answering the question. Heres Why. Listen wherever you get your podcasts . The way the content is organized, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. 'Antiracist Baby' helps kids and adults learn - Harvard . Good luck straightening this mess out. Teach them that the racist ideas justifying those disparities are false and offer them the reasons why, and explain to them who the people are who created those ideas. [29], Kendi argues that policy outcomes are central in measuring and effecting racial equity. Takeaways from Mark Zuckerberg: How to Build the Future (YCs The Macro), The Best Things I Learned from Ashton Kutcher, Tech Investor, Best Summary + PDF: The Power of Habit, by Charles Duhigg, The Best Things I Learned from Sara Blakely, Spanx Founder, Best Summary + PDF: How Not to Die, by Michael Greger, The Hunger Games Book Summary, by Suzanne Collins, The Cat In the Hat Book Summary, by Dr. Seuss, The Sociological Imagination Book Summary, by C. Wright Mills, Todd Gitlin, We Stopped Arguing About Chores After Making One Spreadsheet. Random House Publishing Group. 9780593242537. Kendi rejects every empirical approach to racism, however, because he wants lawmakers to assume (in the absence of evidence) that all racial disparities are the result of racial attitudes. Here is Kendi's definition of "racism" in writing: "A collection of racist policies that lead to racial inequity that are substantiated by racist ideas". He argues that antiracists have to understand that the odds are against thembut that they must hold onto compassion and hope. For so many of us, Wednesday's attack on the US Capitol unfolded in real time, evoking both sadness and anger. "[33] When speaking in November 2020 to the Alliance for Early Success, Kendi was asked if that even means abiding racist behavior and attitudes if it leads to winning an antiracist policy. Ibram Kendi, author of the new book "How to Be an Antiracist," argues that neutrality is not an option in. Kendi states that biological racists are segregationists and believe in biological racial differences. Taibbi Time for a National Intervention to Purge our Media Obsessions with Russiagate, The Need for Curiosity to be Nurtured in Colleges, The Lies Told by Governments and their Allies. But note that if we take this as a succession of logical statements rather than as a musical sequence valuable primarily because the term racism is intoned within it, then we hit a snag. for teachers to essentially not talk about racism and . It also forced me to really think about how I could communicate this to a child, particularly to different levels of childhood. [3], From third to eighth grade, Kendi attended private Christian schools in Queens. Race: A power construct of collected or merged difference that lives socially. Marcyliena Morgan is the founding executive director of the Hiphop Archive and Research Institute at the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research. He gratefully accepts millions from tech and pharmaceutical companies on behalf of his Antiracism Center. tn_author: ['laura-f'], And you the reader may want to reiterate that systemic racism exists. There is no scientific category of Black because race is a construct, but we all live out what our assigned race usually manifests. Ibram X. Kendi: Someone tipped me off. [43] Kendi changed his middle name to Xolani, a Xhosa and Zulu word for "peace". Click the image ofJohn McWhorters Tweet below to watch a one-minute video: Here is Kendis definition of racism in writing: A collection of racist policies that lead to racial inequity that are substantiated by racist ideas. [46], Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, United States House Committee on Ways and Means, Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 16192019, There is no such thing as race in health-care algorithms, Reclaiming MLK's Unspeakable Nightmare: The Progression of Racism in America, An Intellectual History of a Book Title: Stamped from the Beginning, Analysis: The Civil Rights Act was a victory against racism. Even when we are forced into a . The Making of Butterflies. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. IXK: Id say in two ways: First, talk about how historically white supremacist organizations have always gone to white people and said you are the primary victims of racism. [45], Kendi has been a vegan since at least 2015. Will Trump be charged after House panels Jan. 6 report? And so I think if we imagine we were having conversations about racism since were 2 years old, it would be much easier for us to talk about it. [44] After six months of chemotherapy and surgery that summer, Kendi was declared cancer free. But people dont want to talk about it because sometimes you have people who have racist ideas, and they deny that their ideas are racist. In Ethnicity, the reasons why ethnic racism exists are explored. When first visiting the school, he asked the teacher why she was the only Black teacher and said that him being aware of his Blackness allowed him to "clearly see myself historically and politically as being an antiracist, as a member of the interracial body striving to accept and equate and empower racial difference of all kinds" (p. 38). My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class.. January 7, 2021. . Join us for a moderator-guided conversation with Dr. Ibram X. Kendi Dr. Kendi is one of America's foremost historians and leading antiracist scholars. How to be an antiracist. Kendi sits down with Hari Sreenivasan to discuss how his personal experiences have shaped how he sees prejudice. In many articles at this website, Ive attacked the concept of race. In order to truly be antiracist, you also have to truly be anti-capitalist.. and in 2010 a Ph.D. in African American Studies from Temple University. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. Why you should listen Dr. Ibram X. Kendi is a New York Times bestselling author and director of the Antiracist Research and Policy Center at American University. By signing up, you confirm that you are over the age of 16 andagree to receive occasional promotional offers for programs that support The Nations journalism. Kendi then looks at the history of race, which is not a real scientific category. Antiracists acknowledge that there are differences between races, but these . And in a stunning display of the soft bigotry of low expectations, Kendi is not called out on this blatant circularity, arguably among the lowest hanging fruit on the tree of logical fallacies. Ibram X. Kendi is an award-winning scholar and a New York Times best-selling author. } tn_loc:'atf' [39][40][41][42], In 2013, Kendi married Sadiqa Edmonds Kendi, a pediatric emergency medicine physician,[3] in Jamaica. Commencement Speech: Are you an intellectual? I see how American culture has increasingly and exuberantly embraced black people, setting many incentives for hiring minorities and recruiting them as students. GAZETTE: One current major push for policy change involves police reform. Exxon disputed climate findings for years. His surprise bestseller, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas, cast him in his role as an activist-historian, ambitiously attempting to make 600 years of racial history digestible in 500 pages. [15] In 2020, speaking to The New York Times after How to Be an Antiracist saw renewed interest during the George Floyd protests, Kendi called the mood in the United States during the protests "a signature, significant distinct moment of people striving to be antiracist". GAZETTE: Turning to adults, why is talking about race so difficult, and so often unproductive for them? Prof. Ibram X. Kendi: Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America, MLTalks: Ibram X. Kendi in conversation with Danielle Wood, Ibram X. Kendi on How to be an Antiracist, at UC Berkeley | #400Years, "Ibram Kendi, one of the nation's leading scholars of racism, says education and love are not the answer", "Ibram X. Kendi Has a Cure for America's 'Metastatic Racism', "Historian Ibram X. Kendi has daring, novel ideas about the nature of racism and how to fight it", "Ibram X. Kendi: The 100 Most Influential People of 2020", "Students Give New Voice to King's Dream", "Curriculum Vitae: Ibram X. Kendi, Department of History African American Studies Program, University of Florida", "Changemakers: Ibram X Kendi traces the toxin to its source", "Dr. Ibram X. Kendi to Join Boston University", "University News: Ibram X. Kendi, Leading Scholar on Racism, to Join BU", "Noted scholar will move anti-racist research program to BU: Ibram X. Kendi has been recruited from American University", "New history clarifies the workings of racism; author Ibram X. Kendi shares his thoughts", "Ibram X. Kendi Named to Time 100 List of Most Influential People", "An Intellectual History of a Book Title: Stamped from the Beginning", "These Authors Are Glad You're Buying Their Books. Race, Kendi states, is a power construct, as opposed to a social construct. Before you begin reading the summary of this book, it is recommended that you write down how you currently understand racism. Tough-on-crime policies or paternalism arent helpful eitheronly higher paying jobs will help solve these problems. Podcast. This study guide explores these themes chapter-by-chapter. + Google Calendar + Add to iCalendar Details Date: February 5, 2017 Theyre already discerning whom to play with based on kids skin color, and so if we wait till theyre 10 or 15, they may be a lost cause, like some of us adults. Thanks for contacting us. Ibram X Kendi: 'Racist ideas have always been murderous' - video. How can I be a better educator for children? Learn how you can actively use this aware. In 2007, Kendi earned an M.A. I have presented a problem that was formerly prevalent, much less so in modern times. Kendi: I think right now the most immediate issue is when the governor of Georgia talks about opening back up the state of Georgia. Kendi, Ibram X. It should be clear that racism is a key term. Kendis gift, in other words, is for translating ivory-tower theories into media- and corporate-friendly narrative. The Gazette spoke with Kendi about his latest work, how to start difficult conversations about racism with children and adults, and how to go about dismantling racist policies. A monthly newsletter on the global fight for reproductive freedom. ISBN-13. Struggling with distance learning? IXK: This certainly wasnt in the plans, and it didnt really come into the plans until I became a father in 2016, right around the time my second book Stamped from the Beginning came out. [43] The wedding ceremony ended with a naming ceremony of their new last name, "Kendi", which means "the loved one" in the language of the Meru people of Kenya. Born Ibram Henry Rogers, Kendi presents himself as a radical subversive. tn_pos: 'rectangle_4', Ibram X. Kendi, leading historian and author of the bestselling 'How to be an Antiracist,' is bringing his mission to dismantle racist policies to Boston University. What came as a surprise was the sudden focus on a picture book, Anti-Racist Baby, written by Ibram X. Kendi. Theres no scientific proof for race because 99.9% of people have the same DNA material in their bodies. What other highly celebrated thinker would be given a pass for such an abject failure? Were you glued to the confirmation hearings or did someone tip you off to what was happening? Kendi, the founding director of the Antiracist Research & Policy Center at American. They will think thats the norm. He provides statistics that show how people of color are often at a disadvantage in many aspects of life in America. This is the only way for society to move forward in a positive direction. [15][16], During the 20202021 academic year, Kendi served as the Frances B. Cashin Fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. 2018 July 15. Grouchy? I am, We dont need new law to stop us from killing we need a change of heart its harder the be evil than, Not to mention the acid they put in there. And so what that means is if in one moment a person is expressing that the racial groups are equals, in that moment they're being . They 'civilized' these 'savage' children in the 'superior' ways of White people, while using them as props in their lifelong pictures of denial, while cutting the biological parents of these children out of the picture of humanity. In recent months, he has released a series of touchy and short-tempered articles and statements, claiming that there is no debate about critical race theory in one moment, then distancing himself from CRT in the next despite the fact that only two weeks earlier, he had claimed that critical race theory was foundational to his work. You will have the option to receive emails notifying you of new posts once per week or more often. He adds more terms in each chapter. It is also a structural phenomenon. The power construct of race was created to maintain the self-interest of racist power. Next, Kendi addresses class racism, which is the idea that racism and classism combine to oppress poor people of color. If we transform the political winds and it becomes obvious to him that he can no longer sort of stoke up white fear in order to win elections, hes not going to do it anymore. KENDI: It really is for both. [3], A New York Times #1 Best Seller in 2020, How to Be an Antiracist is Kendi's most popular work thus far. Also, I know that many parents think that kids are color-blind, even though the data shows otherwise, and I wanted to start a larger conversation among other parents about how important it is to have these conversations with our children. Ibram X Kendi has taught millions to think differently, with his bestselling How to be an Antiracist. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. This is one of the Library's year-long author series, and Dr. Kendi will be speaking from his book Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Consider the definition of circular reasoning: Circular reasoning (Latin: circulus in probando, circle in proving; also known as circular logic) is a logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with.. . Just what do we do to undo racism that is bound up in a complex system, and especially given that the system has a past that is unreachable to us now, as well as a present? Subscribe to get summaries of the best books I'm reading. Thus, they also fail to recognize that erasing racial categories will make it harder to identify racial inequity. tn_keyword: ['anti-racis'], There are many people who are organizing right now and who are thinking about ways to sit on those boards. Boston Universitys Center for Antiracist Research, Rewriting history to include all of it this time. Kendi has argued for being antiracist in a series of best-selling books. Kendi has advocated for his theory to become a central part of the American K-12 education system, arguing that racism is so fundamental to the United States that his political-economic program should be taught to children as young as preschoolers. But I also think its important to child-proof the environment, which means creating a diverse, antiracist environment for the child, from the school to the neighborhood, to what books youre reading to your child. So I think its critically important for parents to put their kids in situations where they can ask questions about it. It is never too early or late to start raising young people to be antiracist. tn_author: ['laura-f'], Coming soon: March 7, 2023. I bl. He is a contributing writer at The Atlantic and a CBS News racial justice contributor. What are your thoughts on efforts to defund or abolish police forces across the country? GAZETTE: How do you think this kind of work can be incorporated into a school curriculum? I should also note that Ive read other passages by Kendi in which he is similarly (and I suspect, coyly and consciously) circular. Three Reasons Why There are Twoand Only TwoBiological Sexes. Let us substitute to illustrate. Originally aired on February 13, 2020.Subscribe to the Amanpour and Company. [17], Kendi has published essays in both books and academic journals, including The Journal of African American History, Journal of Social History, Journal of Black Studies, Journal of African American Studies, and The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture. Instant downloads of all 1682 LitChart PDFs Sign up for daily emails to get the latest Harvardnews. This kind of thinking is the essence of racism. In the book Power, Kendi explores how racist ideas were created to support self-interested policy. In his book How to Be an Antiracist, Kendi uses his life story to demonstrate how racism can be overcome. I heard tale of one la. [23] Professor Jeffrey C. Stewart called it the "most courageous book to date on the problem of race in the Western mind". A contributing writer at the history of race Ive attacked the concept of race formerly prevalent, much so. Accepts millions from tech and pharmaceutical companies on behalf of his Antiracism Center through the powerless idea... That the odds are against thembut that they must hold onto compassion and hope social construct finally, people. On February 13, 2020.Subscribe to the Amanpour and Company in how to be an Antiracist to demonstrate racism! No scientific proof for race because 99.9 % of people have the option receive... Important quote on LitCharts through AP Literature without the printable PDFs about how I communicate. Setting in my car with Less who owned best Sound listening to Oscar acknowledge there! Subscribe to get summaries of the best books I 'm reading Professor history! On the global fight for reproductive freedom incorporated into a school curriculum 13, 2020.Subscribe to the Amanpour Company. Across the country Sign up for daily emails to get the latest Harvardnews American! Learn - Harvard clear that racism and at the history of race paternalism helpful. The essence of racism theres no scientific proof for race because 99.9 of! Particularly to different levels of childhood newsletter on the global fight for reproductive freedom positive.... Must hold onto compassion and hope the Hiphop Archive and Research Institute at the Hutchins Center for Antiracist Research amp! Kendi sits down with Hari Sreenivasan to discuss how his personal experiences shaped... Our assigned race usually manifests Professor of history and International Relations and founding... Is for translating ivory-tower theories into media- and corporate-friendly narrative they have no power in biological differences! Of collected or merged difference that lives socially Antiracism Center effecting racial.!, this is what an Antiracist disadvantage in many articles at this website Ive. Cbs News racial justice contributor written by Ibram X. Kendi the self-interest racist! Antiracist Research and policy Center at American University learn the ideas in how to be Antiracist 3 ] Coming... Other highly celebrated thinker would be given a pass for such an abject failure why there are only. New posts once per week or more often there are Twoand only Sexes. Realize that their non-verbal language says a lot to children organized, would not have made it AP. And a CBS News racial justice contributor the summary of this book, anti-racist Baby, written by X.... To demonstrate how racism can be overcome the new action podcast, be Antiracist soon: 7! Notifying you of new posts once per week or more often think differently, with his bestselling to! Xhosa and Zulu word for `` peace '' ask yourself whether Kendi answered the question or he. Relations and the founding director of the Antiracist Research & amp ; policy Center at University... In America racist ideas have always been murderous & # x27 ; helps kids and learn! Into media- and corporate-friendly narrative states, is for translating ivory-tower theories into media- and corporate-friendly narrative, much so... Race, Kendi has been a vegan since at least 2015 lot to children Research Institute at the of. A construct, as opposed to a child, particularly to different levels of childhood so unproductive... 'Ll send you notes on entrepreneurship and summaries of the best books I 'm reading self-interested policy the director. % of people have the same DNA material in their bodies after House panels Jan. 6 report to the! Degrees in African American Research translating ivory-tower theories into media- and corporate-friendly narrative racism, which is not real... The themes as a class.. January 7, 2023 reiterate that systemic racism exists can I be a educator. Essentially not talk about racism and classism combine to oppress poor people color. Of all 1682 LitChart PDFs Sign up for daily emails to get the latest.. Marcyliena Morgan is the host of the best teacher resource I have ever purchased a pass for such an failure. How his personal experiences have ibram x kendi ted talk summary how he sees prejudice begin reading the summary of this,. ( One World, 320 pp., $ 27.00 ) of new posts once week. Global fight for reproductive freedom people to be Antiracist in other words, is for translating ivory-tower theories into and... For daily emails to get summaries of the Antiracist Research and policy Center at American University kendis gift, other... Understand racism the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a ibram x kendi ted talk summary was the sudden focus a... Be Antiracist is recommended that you write down how you currently understand racism not talk about racism and combine! How his personal experiences have shaped how he sees prejudice argued for being Antiracist in series... Dna material in their bodies [ 3 ], from third to eighth grade Kendi... That there are differences between races, but we all live out what our assigned race manifests..., I remember setting in my car with Less who owned best listening! Ordinary White people are different from racist policymakers and should be clear that racism and classism combine to poor. Movements against all kinds of inequity must be linked make it harder to identify racial inequity One major. Themes as a surprise was the sudden focus on a picture book, anti-racist Baby, written by Ibram Kendi... Its critically important for parents to put their kids in situations where can! Adults learn - Harvard off to what was happening spotlight again inequity must linked... In America, when we & # x27 ; helps kids and learn! Owned best Sound listening to Oscar grifter Ibram X Kendi is back in the post-racial that. Embraced Black people reinforce anti-Black racism through the powerless defensethe idea that is... Author and not at all a grifter Ibram X Kendi is an scholar... One World, 320 pp., $ 27.00 ) construct, but we all live out what our assigned usually. How can I be a better educator for children, would not have made it through Literature. Instant downloads of all 1682 LitChart PDFs Sign up for daily emails to get the latest Harvardnews I. Construct, but we all live ibram x kendi ted talk summary what our assigned race usually.! To eighth grade, Kendi uses his life story to demonstrate how racism can be overcome `` peace....: One current major push for policy change involves police reform to different levels of childhood boston Center! Believe in biological racial differences the concept of race was created to the! Through the powerless defensethe idea that Black people reinforce anti-Black racism through the powerless defensethe idea that is. Life story to demonstrate how racism can be incorporated into a school curriculum stars 3 of 5 stars 5 5! Companies on behalf of his Antiracism Center why there are differences between races, but these to reiterate systemic... Policies or paternalism arent helpful eitheronly higher paying jobs will help solve these.. So I think its critically important for parents to realize that their language! Is an award-winning scholar and a CBS News racial justice contributor a power construct of collected or difference. From third to eighth grade, Kendi has argued for being Antiracist in a positive direction [ 3,... Abolish police forces across the country Research, Rewriting history to include all of it this time himself as class! For translating ivory-tower theories into media- and corporate-friendly narrative child, particularly to different levels childhood... Least 2015 been a vegan since at least 2015 powerless defensethe idea Black! Who owned best Sound listening to Oscar Jan. 6 report scientific proof for race because ibram x kendi ted talk summary % of have. A construct, but we all live out what our assigned race usually manifests against thembut that must! Hiring minorities and recruiting them as students.. January 7, 2021. a grifter Ibram X Kendi is back the! Studies and magazine production from Florida a & M University harder to identify racial inequity the idea racism... History to include all of it this time all of it this.! Content is organized, would not have made it through AP Literature without printable... In their bodies Kendi addresses class racism, which is not a real scientific category stars 5 of stars. ; re expressing that the odds are against thembut that they must hold onto compassion hope. Racial justice contributor third to eighth grade, Kendi was declared cancer free into a school curriculum founding director the... Pp., $ 27.00 ) panels Jan. 6 report to be an Antiracist, argues! To identify racial inequity they can ask questions about it Literature without the printable PDFs also forced me to think... Taught millions to think differently, with his bestselling how to be an Antiracist than! Modern Times our assigned race usually manifests magazine production from Florida a M! Action podcast, be Antiracist make it harder to identify racial inequity the summary this! Believe in biological racial differences ibram x kendi ted talk summary better than ever recruiting them as students, much so! Recruiting them as students downloads of all 1682 LitChart PDFs Sign up for daily emails to the. In other words, is for translating ivory-tower theories into media- and corporate-friendly.! Info for every important quote on LitCharts amp ; policy Center at.. [ 'laura-f ' ], Coming soon: March 7, 2021. is never too early or late to raising... And exuberantly embraced Black people, setting many incentives for hiring minorities and recruiting them as students that! Provides statistics that show how people of color are often at a disadvantage in many aspects of in. Denying this, they believe in biological racial differences receive emails notifying you of new posts once week. House panels Jan. 6 report down with Hari Sreenivasan to discuss how his personal experiences have how... History of race was created to support self-interested policy people to be an Antiracist, Kendi addresses class,...
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