Expenditures for research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes will otherwise not be able to meet the additional demands of increased public need for research. Division of Scientific Personnel and Education. To promote disruptive science and technology, scholars may be encouraged to read widely and given time to keep up with the rapidly expanding knowledge frontier. These responsibilities are the proper concern of the government, for they vitally affect health . This book could not be more timely, and I hope every scientist, and anyone who cares about America will heed Holts call for a powerful new integration of science in our public life. Since research does not fall within the category of normal commercial or procurement operations which are easily covered by the usual contractual relations, it is essential that certain statutory and regulatory fiscal requirements be waived in the case of research contractors. Author. They should receive their expenses and compensation for their services at a per diem rate of, say, $50 while engaged on business of the Foundation, but no division member should receive more than, say, $10,000 compensation per year. They have led to extravagantly critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system. Operating agencies have immediate operating goals and are under constant pressure to produce in a tangible way, for that is the test of their value. But in the present state of knowledge a plan cannot be made which will select, and assist, only those young men and women who will give the top future leadership to science. In this manuscript, we study . COUPON: RENT Science, the Endless Frontier 1st edition by Bush eBook (9780691201658) and save up to 80% on online textbooks at Chegg.com now! Yet, uncertainties in the operation of the patent laws have impaired the ability of small industries to translate new ideas into processes and products of value to the nation. It will not receive the attention it requires if left to industry. At the outset these Divisions should be: 2. For every 1,000 students in the fifth grade, 600 are lost to education before the end of high school, and all but 72 have ceased formal education before completion of college. As stated earlier in this report, military preparedness requires a permanent, independent, civilian-controlled organization, having close liaison with the Army and Navy, but with funds direct from Congress and the clear power to initiate military research which will supplement and strengthen that carried on directly under the control of the Army and Navy. While additional physicians, hospitals, and health programs are needed, their full usefulness cannot be attained unless we enlarge our knowledge of the human organism and the nature of disease. Second are the infectious diseases, and third is cancer. In addition, a detailed study, with recommendations concerning the extent to which modifications should be made in our patent laws is currently being made under the leadership of the Secretary of Commerce. Plans for release of such information should be coordinated with our allies to minimize danger of international friction which would result from sporadic uncontrolled release. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. More and better scientific research is essential to the achievement of our goal of full employment. BERNHARD RUST (1883 - 1945) Nazi Minister of Science, Education and National Culture. No one can select from the bottom those who will be the leaders at the top because unmeasured and unknown factors enter into scientific, or any, leadership. "Audra J. Wolfe, author of Freedom's Laboratory: The Cold War Struggle for the Soul Of Science, "Science, the Endless Frontier is a consequential statement of principles that has been repeatedly invoked as a kind of biblical text in the political wars over federal policy for scientific research and training. Science: The endless frontier. Special Authority. Phone: +86 10 8457 8802 It is clear that if we are to maintain the progress in medicine which has marked the last 25 years, the Government should extend financial support to basic medical research in the medical schools and in the universities, through grants both for research and for fellowships. A new agency should be established, therefore, by the Congress for the purpose. During the past 25 years there has been a great increase in industrial research involving the application of scientific knowledge to a multitude of practical purposes - thus providing new products, new industries, new investment opportunities, and millions of jobs. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and governments responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Meanwhile, research costs have steadily risen. In War. Overview []. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. V-2 was countered only by the capture of the launching sites. The "Endless Frontier Act" would authorize over $100 billion for research into key technology like artificial intelligence, machine learning, supercomputing, semiconductors, robotics, and the like. . Clearly, the new agency, including a civilian military research group within it, can remain sufficiently flexible to adapt its operations to whatever may be the final organization of the military departments. Almost all Government scientific work has ultimate practical objectives but, in many fields of broad national concern, it commonly involves long-term investigation of a fundamental nature. Where will these new products come from? The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. research is the exploration of the unknown and is necessarily speculative. While expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased by one-half during this period, those for the endowed research institutes have slowly declined. In general we have held these principles well in balance. Clearly the program should grow in a healthy manner from modest beginnings. In computer science and artificial intelligence, there has been a recent thread of work on citation recommendation, concerned with identifying relevant citations given a piece of text and possibly other meta-data (e.g., authors, etc.) The most immediate prospect of making up some of the deficit in scientific personnel is by salvaging scientific talent from the generation in uniform. Citations (33) References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content . This is highly desirable in order that there may be no interruption in the relations between scientists and military men after the emergency wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development goes out of existence. Scientific progress. Discovery of new therapeutic agents and methods usually results from basic studies in medicine and the underlying sciences. The agency responsible for recommending the release of information from military classification should be an Army, Navy, civilian body, well grounded in science and technology. Phone: +44 1993 814500 These groups are concerned with science as collateral and peripheral to the major problems of those Departments. In discharging these responsibilities Federal funds should be made available. These principles are as follows: (1) Whatever the extent of support may be, there must be stability of funds over a period of years so that long-range programs may be undertaken. CHAPTER 2. Each Division of the Foundation should be made up of at least five members, appointed by the Members of the Foundation. It should not operate any laboratories of its own. Legislation on this point should leave to the Members of the Foundation discretion as to its patent policy in order that patent arrangements may be adjusted as circumstances and the public interest require. I am convinced that these new functions should be centered in one agency. The Foundation here proposed has been described only in outline. Search the for Website expand_more. Today, it is truer than ever that basic research is the pacemaker of technological progress. This proposal is certainly worthy of further study. Members. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nations health, security, and prosperity. The usual controls of audits, reports, budgeting, and the like, should, of course, apply to the administrative and fiscal operations of the Foundation, subject, however, to such adjustments in procedure as are necessary to meet the special requirements of research. The publicly and privately supported colleges, universities, and research institutes are the centers of basic research. The chairman of each Division should be appointed by the Members of the Foundation. More elaborate and expensive equipment is required, supplies are more costly, and the wages of assistants are higher. Bush, Vannevar; Abstract. The recommendations in this report which relate to research within the Government, to the release of scientific information, to clarification of the tax laws, and to the recovery and development of our scientific talent now in uniform can be implemented by action within the existing structure of the Government. Science, the endless frontier. FLASH SALE -Enjoy 70% off this weeks featured collection. A study in the premier science journal notes the long term falling off of truly original findings, as opposed to endless citations of others' findings. Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research by United States. The details should be worked out with reference to the interests of the several States and of the universities and colleges; and care should be taken not to impair the freedom of the institutions and individuals concerned. This point has been well stated by the Moe Committee as follows: "As citizens, as good citizens, we therefore think that we must have in mind while examining the question before us -- the discovery and development of scientific talent -- the needs of the whole national welfare. Similarly, advance payments should be allowed in the discretion of the Director of the Foundation when required. Office of Scientific Research and Development. Those ready for college training in the sciences have not been permitted to enter upon that training. Author (s) Praise 18. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. What we often forget are the millions of pay envelopes on a peacetime Saturday night which are filled because new products and new industries have provided jobs for countless Americans. The V-1 attack on London was finally defeated by three devices developed during this war and used superbly in the field. 1,160. They should be persons of broad interest in and understanding of the peculiarities of scientific research and education. One of the most important factors affecting the amount of industrial research is the income-tax law. In some cases coordinated direct attack on special problems may be made by teams of investigators, supplementing similar attacks carried on by the Army, Navy, Public Health Service, and other organizations. Learn more about ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press. Among the young men and women qualified to take up scientific work, since 1940 there have been few students over 18, except some in medicine and engineering in Army and Navy programs and a few 4-F's, who have followed an integrated scientific course of studies. Today, we see the devastating results of our failure to advocate effectively for public and political understanding and support of Americas scientific enterprise. Some research on military problems should be conducted, in time of peace as well as in war, by civilians independently of the military establishment. 4. Colleges and universities in which research will be conducted principally under contract with the Foundation are, unlike commercial institutions, not equipped to handle the detailed vouchering procedures and auditing technicalities which are required of the usual Government contractors. Hence Government, like industry, is dependent on the colleges, universities, and research institutes to expand the basic scientific frontiers and to furnish trained scientific investigators. The Government is peculiarly fitted to perform certain functions, such as the coordination and support of broad programs on problems of great national importance. The influence of Science The Endless Frontier stems largely from its timing, coming at the tail end of a war in which science-based technology had been crucial. Any extension of medical facilities must be accompanied by an expanded program of medical training and research. It is also clear that the effective discharge of these responsibilities will require the full attention of some over-all agency devoted to that purpose. Many of the leaders in the development of radar are scientists who before the war had been exploring the nucleus of the atom. It is in keeping with the American tradition -- one which has made the United States great -- that new frontiers shall be made accessible for development by all American citizens. They will be of aid in furnishing detailed suggestions. This has always been true and is likely to remain so. the science: the endless frontiers report consists of six parts, which are: part one-introduction, includes scientific progress is essential; part two - the war on disease; part thre -science and the public welfare; part four-renewal of our scientific talent; part five-a problem of scientific reconversion; part six-the means to the end. Cite this article . A broad dissemination of scientific information upon which further advances can readily be made furnishes a sounder foundation for our national security than a policy of restriction which would impede our own progress although imposed in the hope that possible enemies would not catch up with us. Has PDF. 4 Citations. This is of the utmost importance. We have given much thought to the question of how plans for the use of Federal funds may be arranged so that such funds will not drive out of the picture funds from local governments, foundations, and private donors. "Sylvester James Gates Jr., Brown University, "Since World War II, Science, the Endless Frontier has been the central model for science policy in the United States. By the same token these groups cannot be made the repository of the new and large responsibilities in science which belong to the Government and which the Government should accept. Close Dialog Download book. . Nature, 466(7309), 922-923. o Gibson . From early days the Government has taken an active interest in scientific matters. Uncertainties as to the attitude of the Bureau of Internal Revenue regarding the deduction of research and development expenses are a deterrent to research expenditure. Bushs vision set the course for US science policy for more than half a century, building the worlds most productive scientific enterprise. To serve effectively as the centers of basic research these institutions must be strong and healthy. It is at this crucial juncture that Rush Holt, in his powerful introduction, renews the call for robust funding of basic research with an appeal for a fully inclusive coalition of science and society to promote a better future for all. For example, the National Research Foundation should be authorized by legislation to make, modify, or amend contracts of all kinds with or without legal consideration, and without performance bonds. (Strohman et al., 2007; Liang et al., 2011; Ren et al., 2014; Bhagavatula et al., 2018). The rewards of such exploration both for the Nation and the individual are great. - The National Research Foundation should develop and promote a national policy for scientific research and scientific education, should support basic research in nonprofit organizations, should develop scientific talent in American youth by means of scholarships and fellowships, and should by contract and otherwise support long-range research on military matters. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. with a new quantitative metric the CD index12 that characterizes how papers and patents change networks of citations in science and technology. ScienceThe Endless Frontier, and the Next 75 Years in Science With Robbert Dijkgraaf 2020 marked the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report "ScienceThe Endless Frontier," which created a blueprint for U.S. scientific research in the post-World War II era. To a considerable extent this progress reflected the liberal financial support from university endowment income, gifts from individuals, and foundation grants in the 20's. Except to the extent that military security dictates otherwise, such knowledge should be spread upon the record for the benefit of the general public. For many years the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has supplemented the work of the Army and Navy by conducting basic research on the problems of flight. More Filters. In the decade from 1930 to 1940 expenditures for industrial research increased from $116,000,000 to $240,000,000 and those for scientific research in Government rose from $24,000,000 to $69,000,000. Download PDF Download All Download JPEG 2000 Download Text. 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