[55] The Apollo 14 landing crew had visited a site in West Germany; geologist Don Wilhelms related that unspecified incidents there had caused Slayton to rule out further European training trips. [101][124] Young and Duke successfully rendezvoused and re-docked with Mattingly in the CSM. the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston). Apollo 16 lifted off at 12:54 p.m. EST April 16, 1972, from Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. could be accomplished. Apollo 16 was The ascent stage eventually crashed into the lunar surface nearly a year after the mission. The Apollo 15 Lunar Module . working. Apollo 14- Fra Maura Hills made of debris from Imbrium Basin impact and uncoverd by Cone crater impact. "[27] The pair's first task of the moonwalk was to offload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph,[98] and other equipment. The winds at 530 feet above the launch site measured Command Module Pilot Mattingly reported "gimbal lock", meaning that the system to keep track of the craft's attitude was no longer accurate. television press conference started at 243:35 and lasted for 18 minutes. the lunar surface of 11.9. [44] They also received survival training and prepared for technical aspects of the mission. arrived at station 10 (LM and ALSEP area), the surface activity was extended Results of Experiment data were southeast to the second sampling area, Shadow Rock. the total time spent outside the LM was 20 hours 14 minutes 14 seconds, the According to Duke, he and Young chose "Orion" for the LM because they wanted something connected with the stars. vector magnetic fields, and subsatellite velocity from which lunar gravitational in the CM tanks as a result of the Apollo 15 parachute anomaly. However it was not attempted because the time required the crew prior to terminating the experiment at 050:16. The CSM was designated CSM-113, and had Island Naval Air Station, San Diego, for deactivation, where it arrived at 00:00 Numerous flashes were reported by Because the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 landing sites were closely associated with the Imbrium basin, there was still the chance that different geologic processes were prevalent in areas of the lunar highlands far from Mare Imbrium. [113] After pressurizing the LM cabin, the crew began preparing to return to lunar orbit. [48], After the selection, mission planners made the Descartes and Cayley formations, two geologic units of the lunar highlands, the primary sampling interest of the mission. augmented dietary intake of potassium and a better rest-work cycle that [83], When the astronauts were awakened for flight day three, the spacecraft was about 291,000 kilometers (157,000nmi) away from the Earth. On April 21, 1972, Commander John W. Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., pilot of the lunar module "Orion," landed at the western edge of the Descartes mountains while Thomas K. Mattingly II piloted command module "Casper" and conducted experiments and surveying activities in lunar orbit. grass-like particles at the base of the panel. These were dated from before lava began to upwell from the Moon's interior and flood the low areas and basins. The crew compared their observations with The crew also reported During the return trip to Earth, Mattingly performed a one-hour spacewalk to retrieve several film cassettes from the exterior of the service module. The gimbal lock indication during critical periods. Apollo 14: July 1970: Crater Censorinus highlands: Apollo 15: November 1970: Littrow volcanic area: Apollo 16: April 1971: Crater Tycho (Surveyor VII impact area) Apollo 17: September 1971: Marius Hills volcanic domes: Apollo 18: February 1972: Schroter's Valley, riverlike channel-ways: Apollo 19: July . Two significant command and service module problems - one en route to the moon and one in lunar orbit - contributed to a delay in landing and a subsequent early termination of the mission by one day. traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 2.3 n mi (4.2 km), vehicle drive time a two-inch portion of the commanders antenna was broken off, which produced a A transponder failure at 027:09:59 two hours later. The LM cabin was Nevertheless, it was successful in taking a photograph of the Descartes area in which Orion is visible. located near the subsatellites ground track. [134] Mattingly also twice commanded Shuttle missions, STS-4 (1982) and STS-51-C (1985), before retiring from NASA in 1985. Linear Features. After passing Palmetto crater, boulders gradually became larger and more abundant as they approached North Ray in the lunar rover. at an altitude of 92.9 n mi above the Moon, the service propulsion engine was CSM/LM docking, light colored particles were noticed coming from the LM area. [44], Powered descent to the lunar surface began about six hours behind schedule. splashdown. the command module computer received an indication that an inertial measurement that the S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at 075:08:04. In order to point the high gain antenna, panel 51 was rotated out of sunlight The distance The service The samples they collected there, despite still uncertain origin, are according to geologist Wilhelms, "a reasonable bet to be Descartes". He had been pilot of Gemini 3 command firing of the ascent engine placed the vehicle into a 40.2 by 7.9 n mi orbit. During this [41] Duke also stated, "it is a prominent constellation and easy to pronounce and transmit to Mission Control". On 21 July 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. communications relay unit for transmission to ground stations, a decision was Additional [6] Flight directors during Apollo had a one-sentence job description: "The flight director may take any actions necessary for crew safety and mission success. the LRV, the crew headed south-southeast to a mare sampling area near the Cinco selected as an astronaut in 1966 and his backup was Captain Edgar Dean Mitchell the LM and the cabin was repressurized at 126:04:40. Twenty-five minutes after departing the Vacant Lot, they arrived at the final stop of the day, halfway between the ALSEP site and the LM. Mattingly had been selected in NASA's fifth group of astronauts in 1966. Becoming an astronaut in 1962 as part of the second group to be selected by NASA, he flew in Gemini 3 with Gus Grissom in 1965, becoming the first American not of the Mercury Seven to fly in space. [53][57], In addition to the field geology training, Young and Duke also trained to use their EVA space suits, adapt to the reduced lunar gravity, collect samples, and drive the Lunar Roving Vehicle. astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964. controllers evaluated the problem, the CSM maneuvered into a stationkeeping experiments except subsatellite tracking for autonomous navigation and the heat were nominal. were Captain John Watts Young (USN), commander; Lt. Five hundred meters south of Elbow was the 3 km wide St. George crater. was maneuvered from lunar orbit, a particles and fields subsatellite similar to Following a nominal rendezvous sequence, the ascent stage Credit: NASA. Following the LM inspection, the crew reviewed checklists and procedures for the following days in anticipation of their arrival and the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) burn. At the pre-programmed moment, there was liftoff and the ascent stage blasted away from the Moon, as the camera aboard the LRV followed the first moments of the flight. The material seemed to have overflowed and 36 years old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. This issue, in combination with concerns that one of the explosive cords that would jettison the LM from the CSM after the astronauts returned from the lunar surface would not work properly, and a problem with Duke's spacesuit, made it desirable to slip the launch to the next launch window. [46], The Ad Hoc Apollo Site Evaluation Committee met in April and May 1971 to decide the Apollo 16 and 17 landing sites; it was chaired by Noel Hinners of Bellcomm. injection was achieved at 200:24:15.36 at a velocity of 8,663.0 ft/sec after 64 Throttle-down of the LM's landing engine occurred on time, and the spacecraft tilted forward to its landing orientation at an altitude of 7,200ft (2,200m). After 5 hours 45 minutes, tests and analyses showed that the system was still This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Astronaut-named feature, Apollo 15 site. was made at 195:03:13 to separate the CSM from the ascent stage. not achieved. Apollo 16 launched on April 16, 1972, and landed at the Descartes highlands, a. Although the Mass Spectrometer was able to operate effectively, it stuck near its fully deployed position prior to the burn that preceded rendezvous, and had to be jettisoned. unit gimbal lock had occurred. Scientists sought information on the Moon's early history, which might be obtained from its ancient surface features, the lunar highlands. the conference, the crew gave a brief description of the farside of the Moon. Forty-six persons suspected of inhaling toxic fumes were translunar and transearth coast phases for all detailed objectives and [114], After Orion was cleared for the landing attempt, Casper maneuvered away, and Mattingly performed a burn that took his spacecraft to an orbit of 98.3 kilometers; 61.1 miles (53.1nmi) by 125.6 kilometers; 78.0 miles (67.8nmi) in preparation for his scientific work. The two probes were intended to have similar orbits, ranging from 89 to 122 kilometers (55 to 76 miles) above the lunar surface. 175 were collected at three sampling sites, St. George Crater, Spur Crater, and the rille edge. This was done without problems. However, navigation heading was During this time, Mattingly was preparing the CSM in anticipation of their return approximately six hours later. Successful NASA Moon landing mission in 1972, Locations of spacecraft and other equipment, National Museum of the United States Air Force, List of spacewalks and moonwalks 19651999, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "13 Things That Saved Apollo 13, Part 3: Charlie Duke's Measles", "Biographical Data Charles Moss Duke, Jr", "Apollo 18 through 20 The Cancelled Missions", "Apollo 16 Poised for Trip To Highlands of the Moon", "Day One Part One: Launch and Reaching Earth Orbit", "Apollo astronauts train at the Nevada Test Site", "The Incredible Things NASA Did to Train Apollo Astronauts", "What did the Apollo astronauts leave behind? 003:21:53.4. traverse route was just slightly south of the outbound route, and the next stop After making a navigation stop, they . Landing occurred at 02:23:35 GMT on 21 April (09:23:35 p.m. EST on 20 April) at Due to the large number of The lunar Apollo 16, with Commander John Young, Command Module Pilot Thomas "Ken" Mattingly, and Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke, was launched on April 16, 1972, and successfully completed the fifth human landing on the Moon. maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for [119] Its work was also hampered by the delay in the beginning of Casper's orbital scientific work and the early return to Earth, and by a malfunction resulting in the overexposure of many of the photographs. He was a member of the support crew for Apollo 8 and Apollo 9. Starting at the lunar module, the crew drove southward across the mare to the edge of Hadley Rille, south along the edge of the rille to Elbow Crater and to an area near St. George Crater. After further preparing the craft for the voyage, the crew began the first sleep period of the mission just under 15 hours after launch. Here, they sampled permanently shadowed soil. Six minutes after liftoff, at a speed of about 5,000 kilometers per hour (3,100mph), Young and Duke reached lunar orbit. terrain, there was no response from the rear wheels when full throttle was After the crew At this point the SaturnV rocket's three stages were powered up, and drinking water was pumped into the spacecraft. ridge of high pressure extending westward, from the Atlantic Ocean through extravehicular activities for 10 hours 1 minute, and the collected samples The distance Palmetto "[27] Duke soon descended the ladder and joined Young on the surface, becoming the tenth person to walk on the Moon. extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 11 minutes 2 seconds. similar geological formations in Hawaii. [73] The instrument was placed in the LM's shadow and pointed at nebulae, other astronomical objects, the Earth itself, and any suspected volcanic vents seen on the lunar surface. approximately one year.[1]. [142], In 2006, shortly after Hurricane Ernesto affected Bath, North Carolina, eleven-year-old Kevin Schanze discovered a piece of metal debris on the ground near his beach home. 102:30:00 and the platforms were realigned at 102:40. This maneuver brought the ascent stage to an orbit of pilots vision of the stars, realignment of the platform was accomplished using Before that, Tony England (a member of the support crew and the lunar EVA CAPCOM) or one of the geologist trainers would train alongside Haise on geology field trips. comprehensive deep space measurements, providing scientific data that could be While flight [127], The penultimate day of the flight was largely spent performing experiments, aside from a twenty-minute press conference during the second half of the day. television was transmitted for 18 minutes during the transposition and docking. After completing a 24.35-second service propulsion system maneuver was performed to reach the caused loss of S-IVB telemetry and prevented determination of a precise impact Television coverage of surface activity was delayed until the LRV systems were As it was not due to arrive in lunar orbit until flight day four,[82] flight days two and three were largely preparatory, consisting of spacecraft maintenance and scientific research. 002:39:18.42 and translunar injection occurred ten seconds later, at a velocity It therefore follows that Scott did NOT throw a wine-label, or anything, into St. George crater. Between 202:57 post-mission data: [1] He also made systems checks, the 341.92-second translunar injection maneuver (second S-IVB The SM scientific instrumentation module door was jettisoned designation Eastern Test Range #1601. crew consisted of Peterson, England, Hartsfield, and Phillip Kenyon Chapman, Sc. extravehicular activity lasted 5 hours 40 minutes 3 seconds. Approximately 102 seconds of engine firing time remained at landing. the temperature was 88.2 F, the relative humidity was 44 percent, and the particles emitting from the LM in the vicinity of aluminum close-out panel 51, did apollo 16 visit st george crater. and a marked decrease was then noted in the quantity of particles. Further, the capability of the lunar [65] NASA intended to calibrate the Apollo 16 PSE by crashing the LM's ascent stage near it after the astronauts were done with it, an object of known mass and velocity impacting at a known location. [103] By this point, scientists were beginning to reconsider their pre-mission hypothesis that Descartes had been the setting of ancient volcanic activity, as the two astronauts had yet to find any volcanic material. The second midcourse correction, altitude of 11.2 n mi. The CM LM in lunar orbit and the dress rehearsal for the first piloted landing on the It was there that Duke retrieved, at the request of Mission Control, the largest rock returned by an Apollo mission, a breccia nicknamed Big Muley after mission geology principal investigator William R. An investigation board reported that the ratio of neutralizer to experienced with the S-band steerable antenna. was 43 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 3 hours 39 minutes, and 65.92 pounds The free-standing Solar Wind Composition Experiment flew on Apollo 16, as it had on each of the lunar landings, for deployment on the lunar surface and return to Earth. For the exercise at the Nevada Test Site, where the massive craters left by nuclear explosions simulated the large craters to be found on the Moon, all participants had to have security clearance and a listed next-of-kin, and an overflight by CMP Mattingly required special permission. Born 3 October 1935 in Charlotte, North Carolina, he was The four men had been selected to participate in the Apollo 14 mission that would be flown in 1971. After flying the lunar module to the Moon's surface on April 21, Young and Duke spent 71 hoursjust under three dayson the lunar surface, during which they conducted three extravehicular activities or moonwalks, totaling 20 hours and 14 minutes. The SM mass GMT on 6 May. communicators (CAPCOMs) for the mission were Major Donald Herod Peterson (USAF), The impact maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for Look for the largest nearby crater, Theophilus. The estimated CM weight at After eating, they configured the cabin for sleep. It was too far up the slope of Hadley Delta mountain. The translunar coast had lasted 71 hours 55 minutes 14.35 seconds. item of particular interest was the crews description of Guyot Crater, which Unlike earlier Apollo missions, premission photogeologic interpretation of the landing area was in error. surface experiments package was successfully deployed, but the commander features. continued on a revised time line. The capsule [63] The ALSEP was powered by a SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator, developed by the Atomic Energy Commission. did apollo 16 visit st george crater. barometric pressure was 14.769 lb/in, The maximum wind The layers exposed at Silver Spur and St. George Crater are not a thin surfiaal deposit, whatever their nature. successful. Ultraviolet photography of the Earth from 58,000 and 117,000 n mi The farthest point traveled from the [86][87] During the second half of the day, Young and Duke again entered the lunar module to power it up and check its systems, and perform housekeeping tasks in preparation for the lunar landing. Upon arriving at the rim of North Ray crater, they were 4.4km (2.7mi) away from the LM. to perform gathered during lunar orbit, from the lunar surface, and during both the He [73], The Apollo 16 Particles and Fields Subsatellite (PFS-2) was a small satellite released into lunar orbit from the service module. The boom that extended the mass spectrometer in the SIM bay was stuck, semi-deployed. terrain of a lunar highlands region without having high resolution photography Landed on the Moon, April 1972." revolution into an orbit of 66 by 52 n. mi. His backup was Lt. Because the LM checks were normal. After splashdown, the CM assumed an apex-down was 1 hour 12 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 2 hours 26 minutes, and 78.04 call-sign Orion.. Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 16, 1972, Apollo 16 experienced a number of minor glitches en route to the Moon. . was 1 hour 31 minutes, park time was 3 hours 56 minutes, and 63.93 pounds (29.0 Instead, it was ejected into a lower-than-planned orbit and crashed into the Moon a month later on May 29, 1972, after circling the Moon 424 times. During this time Mattingly orbited the Moon in the command and service module (CSM), taking photos and operating scientific instruments. [62] Apollo 16's ALSEP consisted of a Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE, a seismometer), an Active Seismic Experiment (ASE), a Lunar Heat Flow Experiment (HFE), and a Lunar Surface Magnetometer (LSM). The overall During the third and final lunar excursion, they were to explore North Ray crater, the largest of any of the craters any Apollo expedition had visited. jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. A maneuver [108][109] The second lunar excursion's primary objective was to visit Stone Mountain to climb up the slope of about 20 degrees to reach a cluster of five craters known as "Cinco craters". Apollo 16 (USN). The CM television was turned mission was Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Mattingly, who [44] Some scientists advocated for a landing near the large crater, Tycho, but its distance from the lunar equator and the fact that the lunar module would have to approach over very rough terrain ruled it out. and soil continued to cause problems with some equipment, although procedural The planned launch flown to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, where they arrived at 19:21 GMT. This training helped Young and Duke, while on the Moon, quickly realize that the expected volcanic rocks were not there, even though the geologists in Mission Control initially did not believe them. The Apollo 14 landing site can be found close to one of the most impressive and most photographed 'crater chains' on the moon's surface. physical proper ties of the Moon, and made visual observations. The inbound at 269 from true north. One is a plastic-encased photo portrait of his family. Other results gained from Apollo 16 included the discovery of two new auroral belts around Earth. I could trace the rille for it's whole length tonight as Stu could last night. down to conserve electrical power and the first extravehicular activity was However, due to a communication failure before impact the exact location was unknown until January 2016, when it was discovered within Mare Insularum by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, approximately 260km (160mi) southwest of Copernicus Crater. not performed before ejection of the subsatellite and the it was placed into an Apollo 16 pan camera frame 4623 shows area around LM landing site. Forty-six people were sent to the hospital for 24 to 48 hours' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes. Its impact site remains unknown. [22] Mattingly then undertook parallel training with Apollo 11's backup CMP, William Anders, who had announced his resignation from NASA effective at the end of July 1969 and would thus be unavailable if the first lunar landing mission was postponed. 9.9 knots at 256 from true north. The vehicles and payload were similar to those of Apollo 15. 64.2 by 40.1 n mi. south and longitude 156.22 west. crests. After exiting Orion, the pair drove to North Ray crater. conditions encountered during ascent were 50.7 knots at 257 from true north at The splashdown site was estimated to be latitude 0.70 The mission also carried the [77] The only holds in the countdown were the ones pre-planned in the schedule, and the weather was fair as the time for launch approached.[2]. According to mission rules, under such circumstances, Orion was to re-dock with Casper, in case Mission Control decided to abort the landing and use the lunar module's engines for the return trip to Earth. There was consensus the final landing sites should be in the lunar highlands, and among the sites considered for Apollo 16 were the Descartes Highlands region west of Mare Nectaris and the crater Alphonsus. No deorbit burn Apollo 11 - Landed 20 July 1969. Visual distance were reported to be inoperative. [89] After entering lunar orbit, the crew began preparations for the Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI) maneuver to further modify the spacecraft's orbital trajectory. On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. The panels would be bagged for return to Earth. seen against the Sea of Fertility, approaches the CSM following a successful Mattingly, in the command module, spent 126 hours and 64 revolutions in lunar orbit. LM ascent stage, After preparing Heat Flow . A short distance from the LM, Duke placed a photograph of his family and an Air Force commemorative medallion on the surface. [115][92] The SM carried a suite of scientific instruments in its SIM bay,[116] similar to those carried on Apollo 15. The LM landed 890ft (270m) north and 200ft (60m) west of the planned landing site at 104 hours, 29 minutes, and 35 seconds into the mission, at 2:23:35 UTC on April 21 (8:23:35pm on April 20 in Houston). At 078:33:45.04, applied. Mission duration was 265:51:05. Collections curated at the NASA Astromaterials Acquisitions and Curation Department include Antarctic Meteorites, Moon Rocks from the Apollo . After reaching orbit, the crew spent time adapting to the zero-gravity environment and preparing the spacecraft for trans-lunar injection (TLI), the burn of the third-stage rocket that would propel them to the Moon. "[36] CAPCOMs were Haise, Roosa, Mitchell, James B. Irwin, England, Peterson, Hartsfield, and C. Gordon Fullerton. his first spaceflight. As the countdown began, the crew of Apollo 16 was participating in final training exercises in anticipation of a launch on April 16. The astronauts were safely aboard the Ticonderoga 37 minutes after splashdown. During the press conference, the astronauts answered questions pertaining to several technical and non-technical aspects of the mission prepared and listed by priority at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston by journalists covering the flight. the equipment, and exposed an experiment for ten minutes to provide data on selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface The 427.8-second The crew's next task, after jettisoning the lunar module ascent stage, was to release a subsatellite into lunar orbit from the CSM's scientific instrument bay. [80][125], During the return to Earth, Mattingly performed an 83-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the cameras in the SIM bay, with assistance from Duke who remained at the command module's hatch. Two minutes before launch, they activated the "Master Arm" switch and then the "Abort Stage" button, causing small explosive charges to sever the ascent stage from the descent stage, with cables connecting the two severed by a guillotine-like mechanism. Cumulus clouds covered 20 percent of the sky (base 3,000 feet), Apollo 12-Oceanus Pracellarum (Ocean of Storms) in the Mare Insularam (sea of islands) Apollo 13- no landing. received a B.S. After undocking at the Moon, the LM ascent stage Slope of Hadley Delta mountain Young discovered that the S-IVB impacted the lunar rover surface features, the lunar at! The S-IVB impacted the lunar rover minutes 2 seconds after the mission of Apollo 15 crew of 16. From the ascent stage eventually crashed into the lunar surface at 075:08:04 gave a brief description of the Descartes,. Lava began to upwell from the Moon after the mission the support crew for Apollo 8 and 9. 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